404: Not Found{"id":608,"date":"2021-08-28T04:48:42","date_gmt":"2021-08-28T04:48:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/?p=608"},"modified":"2021-08-28T04:48:42","modified_gmt":"2021-08-28T04:48:42","slug":"lich-su-nganh-cong-nghiep-kinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/2021\/08\/28\/lich-su-nganh-cong-nghiep-kinh\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ednh"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a thu\u1ef7 tinh<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t \u1ed1pxi\u0111ian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/strong>\u00a0Thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra kho\u1ea3ng 1500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Mesopotamia. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ef7 tinh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fac th\u00f4 s\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh cho thu\u1ef7 tinh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eafp thu\u1ef7 tinh l\u1ecfng xung quanh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00f5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1t hay \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m l\u00f5i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u00e3 ngu\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft b\u1ebb v\u00e0 m\u00e0i b\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

Trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thu\u1ef7 tinh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft. Th\u1ee3 thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch cho th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, l\u00e0m cho thu\u1ef7 tinh trong h\u01a1n hay t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thu\u1ef7 tinh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ef7 tinh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong ho\u00e0ng gia cho nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ef7 tinh ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 300 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, khi nh\u1eefng ngu\u1eddi th\u1ee3 thu\u1ef7 tinh Siri ph\u00e1t minh ra chi\u1ebfc \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i, gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfp ngay sau ph\u00e1t minh ra \u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n hai n\u1eeda, gi\u00fap cho th\u1ee3 thu\u1ef7 tinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt thu\u1ef7 tinh gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau. Hai ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ef7 tinh tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1eeba v\u1edbi t\u00fai ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thu\u1ef7 tinh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ed5i thu\u1ef7 tinh, th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u00e9p b\u1eb1ng khu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ef7 tinh c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau d\u00f9ng trong trang tr\u00ed. K\u00ednh c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o gi\u00e3n thu\u1ef7 tinh\u00a0 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n th\u00e9p, \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La m\u00e3 c\u0169ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng hay m\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 thu\u1ef7 tinh l\u1edbn, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1ch ra v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o g\u01b0\u01a1ng soi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee7 h\u1ed7n h\u1ed7ng b\u1ea1c l\u00ean k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m. S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La m\u00e3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t. \u1edf<\/strong>\u00a0T\u00e2y \u00c2u thu\u1ef7 tinh l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a s\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd trung c\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ef7 tinh Byzantine ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 650 sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 thu\u1ef7 tinh Siri \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u00ednh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh\u00a0“v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n”<\/em>\u00a0(org. “crown”). Lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ef7 tinh n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, sau \u0111\u00f3 quay kh\u1ed1i thu\u1ef7 tinh m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh m\u1ecfng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n v\u1edbi\u00a0“ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m”<\/em>\u00a0(bulls-eye) r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf t\u00e2m. B\u1edfi v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eaft l\u1eafm n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m k\u00ednh c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Venecia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng thu\u1ef7 tinh t\u1eeb Byzantine v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13.<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\u00a0“b\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i”<\/em>, c\u00e1c l\u00f2 n\u1ea5u thu\u1ef7 tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ra \u0111\u1ea3o Muran\u00f4, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 thu\u1ef7 tinh Italia ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Venecia \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fac thu\u1ef7 tinh kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n th\u00e9p, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Venecia c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1ng thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong khi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n, g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t cao, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c cha \u0111\u00e3 ban b\u1ed1 m\u1ee9c \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. M\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Venecia \u0111\u00e3 lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 thu\u1ef7 tinh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Italia b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng l\u00f2 \u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i k\u00ednh trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y.\u00a0Ngh\u1ec1 thu\u1ef7 tinh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, B\u1eafc B\u00f4h\u00eamia v\u00e0 Anh, n\u01a1i George Ravenscoft \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u00ednh ch\u00ec v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1670<\/strong>. C\u0169ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb La m\u00e3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 Ph\u00e1p th\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 thu\u1ef7 tinh d\u00e0i, t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1n ph\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1773, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m k\u00ednh c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ef7 tinh, c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 k\u00ednh tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1eeba v\u1edbi t\u00fai ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Anh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9.<\/strong>\u00a0H\u1ecd lo s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00f2 n\u1ea5u thu\u1ef7 tinh ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n sang t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i H\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng qu\u1ed1c. S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh ra chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u00e9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u0103m 1825. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p, thu\u1ef7 tinh l\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f3t v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u1edd\u00a0 pit-t\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ef7 tinh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc b\u01a1m kh\u00ed n\u00e9n \u1edf Anh n\u0103m 1859. Chi\u1ebfc b\u01a1m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ed5i thu\u1ef7 tinh, gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh, cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1871, William Pilkington \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ed5i m\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c J.H. Lubber c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1903.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nung l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Nh\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thu\u1ef7 tinh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng 400%. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4t\u00f4 l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111ang c\u00f2n s\u01a1 khai.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi khi Irving Colburn (M\u1ef9) v\u00e0 Emile Fourcault (B\u1ec9) c\u00f9ng nhau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o k\u00ednh n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb trong l\u00f2 theo d\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00e9o b\u0103ng k\u00ednh gi\u1eefa hai con l\u0103n ami\u0103ng.<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u00ednh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p “k\u00e9o” v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 – 1930, do k\u00ednh “k\u00e9o” th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean gi\u00e1 k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 60%.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u00e9o c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh hoa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00e9o b\u0103ng k\u00ednh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con l\u0103n ami\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in h\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0a k\u00ednh hoa v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 I, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4t\u00f4. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1929, 70% k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n cho ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u00f4t\u00f4. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u00ednh an to\u00e0n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00e1n 2 t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp trung gian b\u1eb1ng a-x\u00ea-t\u00e1t sel-lu-l\u00f4.<\/p>\n

Tuy c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, kh\u00e2u \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u1eabn l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh cao.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u00f3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n gia c\u00f4ng b\u1ed5 sung.<\/p>\n

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Ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi Alastair Pilkington ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u00ednh n\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng. Trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Pilkington, thu\u1ef7 tinh l\u1ecfng theo m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1eb9p ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f3t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 n\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfc. Thu\u1ef7 tinh l\u1ecfng lan ra tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra b\u0103ng k\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Pilkington \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ednh to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m nh\u01b0 trang tr\u00ed n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t hay x\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng cao ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi. V\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p, k\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u00f4t\u00f4, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u00e0y nay h\u01a1n 90% s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Pilkington.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ednh<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u00ednh n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Pilkington \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 k\u00ednh, g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u00ednh n\u1ed5i. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975, s\u1ed1 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n k\u00ednh n\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 97% s\u1ed1 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Pilkington l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u00ednh n\u1ed5i cho ra \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u00ednh m\u1edbi.<\/strong>\u00a0L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb 0,5-19mm hay l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. K\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m d\u00e0y h\u01a1n v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch an to\u00e0n, ch\u1ed1ng \u1ed3n m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ed1i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u00ednh m\u00e0u.<\/p>\n

Do cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, nhu c\u1ea7u k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m c\u00f3 suy gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng cao \u1ed1c. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 \u1edf b\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c do s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt k\u00ednh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng x\u1ea5u h\u01a1n, h\u00e3ng Ford Motor b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh n\u1ed5i cho nhu c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng m\u1ee9c k\u00ednh b\u00e1n cho ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u00f4t\u00f4. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u0103m 1970 c\u00f4ng ty Nashville c\u1ee7a Ford l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh n\u1ed5i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p\u00a0\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh m\u1edbi.<\/strong>\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 gi\u00fap cho k\u00ednh thu nh\u1eadn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, hay nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00e1nh n\u1eafng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng m\u00e0 v\u1eabn cho anh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n qua. N\u0103m 1970 k\u00ednh h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eaft th\u1ea5p d\u00f9ng cho pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh n\u00e0y t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3n quang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 trung b\u00ecnh, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh n\u1eafng hay hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n quang cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi k\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n quang trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, x\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf xung quanh.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4t\u00f4 v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 cho ra nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh d\u00e1n d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1n h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4t\u00f4 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi v\u1edbi d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra k\u00ednh an to\u00e0n, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho \u00f4t\u00f4 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 – \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n, nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t k\u00ednh v\u1eabn n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 k\u00ednh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, k\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n quang l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00ednh trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea1n x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh. C\u0169ng nh\u1edd t\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n quang \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 13% t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1990.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gia c\u00f4ng c\u1eeda s\u1ed5. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 vinyl hay ch\u1ee9a kh\u00ed argon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gia c\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch (spacer system).\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ti\u00eau \u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 m\u1edbi cho nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong khu v\u1ef1c \u1ed3n \u00e0o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 gh\u00e9p nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng d\u1ea3i \u00e2m thanh kh\u00e1c nhau, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00eam k\u00ednh d\u00e1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e0nh<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0– PKT TCT – D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Glass Journal<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 k\u00ednh m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Venecia th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, k\u00ednh t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":610,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-608","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/608","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=608"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/608\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":612,"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/608\/revisions\/612"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/610"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=608"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=608"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sky.viethungglass.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=608"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}